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In this article, some of the important interactions between nutrient elements as well as between nutrients and other factors are being described briefly.
Nitrogen and Micro-Nutrients:
Applied N has been reported as a possible cause of Zn deficiency in citrus plants. The application of N fertilizer accentuated the uptake of P and Zn by potatoes. Rice plants grown at low levels of N, S and Mg exhibited high Mn and low Fe uptake.
Phosphorus and Micro-Nutrients:
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The interaction of phosphorus-zinc designated as a P induced Zn deficiency. This nutritional disorder in the plant is commonly associated with high levels of available P (native P) or with application of P to the soil. This deficiency symptoms can be controlled or corrected by the application of Zn-fertilizers (ZnSC > 4 @ 15-20 kg Zn).
The possible causes of such deficiency due to P-Zn interaction are as follows:
(i) A P-Zn interaction in the soil
(ii) A slower rate of translocation of Zn from the roots to the tops
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(iii) A simple dilution effect on Zn concentration in the tops due to the growth response of P, and
(iv) A metabolic disorder within plant cells related to an imbalance between P and Zn or an excessive concentration of P interferes with the metabolic function of Zn at some sites in the cells.
The cause of this interaction is the formation of an insoluble Zn3 (PO4)2 in the soil, which reduced the concentration of Zn in the soil solution to deficiency level. An experimental evidence for the interaction effect of phosphorus and zinc on the release of DTPA—extractable zinc in submerged soils is shown in Table 20.3.
Balia:
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pH 7.85; org C. 0.94; CEC. 28.35 Cmol (P+) kg-1; DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and P, 2.98, 0.80; 39; 32 and 8.4 ppm respectively.
Rajberia:
pH. 7.70; org. C. 1.15%; CEC. 31.45 Cmol (P+) kg-1; DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and P, 3.15, 1.05, 32, 24 and 6.1 ppm respectively.
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Silinda:
pH 8.00; org.C, 0.86; CEC 32.84 Cmol (P+) kg-1; DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and P, 3.01, 0.92, 40, 18 and 7.3 ppm respectively. The above results indicated that the application of phosphorus reduced the content of extractable Zn and so the interaction is negative or antagonistic. This depressive effect of P application was more prominent in respect of the native than that of the applied Zn.
Besides such interaction in soils, the applied P reduced the translocation of Zn from the root to the top of the plant and lowered the total uptake of Zn by the plant.
The concentration of Fe in rice plant at heading stage and in grains and husks at maturity stage decreases due to application of phosphorus up to 100 ppm.
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It is reported that the application of phosphorus at both the levels (100 and 200 ppm) decreased the content of manganese in rice soils.
Potassium and Micro-Nutrients:
The application of potassium consistently decreased the manganese and iron content in the rice plant.
Zinc and Magnesium:
An increase in soil pH by the application of dolomitic limes (CaCO3 and MgCO3) reduces the availability of Zn to plants. The interaction of Mg with Zn has been reportedly observed with greater intensity within the plant than within the soil. Since Mg and Zn have almost the same ionic diameter, the Mg2+ ion may interact with a relatively insoluble Zn compound in the soil to release Zn in an available pool.
Zinc and Other Micro-Nutrients:
The application of zinc has been found to depress the content of extractable iron, but increased manganese in submerged soils and in rice plants. Mutual antagonism also between zinc and manganese, and zinc and iron was also observed in rice plant. The relative mobility of Fe and Mn was inversely related to the mobility of Zn.
If Zn was applied in greater amounts than recommended, the zinc-induced copper deficiency in wheat and barley.
Copper and Other Micro-Nutrients:
High Cu in soil caused Fe-chlorosis in citrus. The growth of lettuce at any level of application of Cu was affected by the application of Fe supply. The toxic effects of Cu can be reduced by the application of Fe. It is reported that the application Cu decreases the content of Fe and Mn in submerged rice soils.
The interactions of Cu × Mo, Cu × Fe are greater in lettuce crop grown in NO3– solutions and it is suggested that this effect might be due to the reduction of NO3– carried out by Mo. Mutual antagonism existed between Cu and Mo in most of the crops.
Copper deficiency caused a slightly lower concentration of Cu in deficient plants than that of normal plants and the Zn concentration does not affect due to Cu deficiency. Again copper decreases the concentration of zinc in rice shoots.
Iron and Manganese with Other Micro-Nutrients:
Iron plays an antagonistic role in relation to zinc in the rice plant and in waterlogged rice soils. The ferrous (Fe2+) iron can compete with zinc (Zn2+) in the uptake process for the formation of chelates or other reactions.
Manganese interferes with the translocation of Fe from the roots to shoots. Absorption of Fe by the roots increases with increasing concentration of Mn in soils.
Addition of Mn EDTA and Fe EDTA intensified Mn-deficiency symptoms in plants indicating lower mobility of Mn from the soil due to rapid displacement or detachment of Mn from Mn-EDTA by Fe as well as such released Mn gets inactivated due to formation of organic complex compounds.
Iron × molybdenum interactions have been found frequently in plants in connection with graded doses of Mn application and the results have been somewhat inconsistent or variable. Molybdenum accentuates Fe-deficiency due to the formation of a Fe-molybdate precipitate in the roots. Again, the application of Mo combined with higher doses of Fe increases the yield of crops.
Thus, two effects of Mo and Fe interaction are observed—one beneficial and other is detrimental. The decreased availability and uptake of Fe due to Mo application may be due to the interference in the reduction of iron caused by the adsorption of Mo on solid phase Fe2O3 which reduces the activity of the surface of the Fe2O3.
High iron concentration in soils suppresses copper absorption by rice. Manganese inhibited zinc absorption by rice root, but favoured the translocation of Zn within the plant, suggesting an antagonistic role for Mn in first step and synergistic role in the second step.
Boron-Calcium and Boron-Potassium:
Calcium and potassium accentuates symptoms of B deficiency in tomato plants. Boron toxicity at high B levels decreases markedly with increasing concentrations of Ca, but the effect of K is opposite.
Molybdenum and Other Micro-Nutrients:
The uptake of Mo by plants reduces due to application of S. This may be due to the direct competition between two divalent anions of the same size. There is inverse relationship between Mo and Cu in paddy straw. The application of Mo decreases the concentration of Cu and Mn. Mutual antagonism exists between Cu and Mo.
Interactions of Nutrients with Other Parameters:
In a highly developed agriculture, large increases in yield potential derives from various kinds of interactions namely with the plant nutrients, nutrients and a cultural practices e.g. tillage, date of planting or sowing, fertilizer placement and methods of application, frequency of irrigation, variety etc. Farmers are ready to practice all new advances leading to crop yields which are frequently interactions of two or more practices.
The application of organic matter in the soil generally increases the nutrient status particularly of micro-nutrients. In rice culture puddling the soil is a very common practice before transplanting.
The time of organic matter (FYM) application influences the growth and yield, and the translocation of iron and manganese from rice root to straw and straw to grain by strongly interacting between moisture regimes, puddled and un-puddled condition of the submerged soil.
Therefore, an interaction of plant nutrients as well as interaction of nutrients with different soil, water and other management practices drastically modify the availability of nutrient element in soils and Uptake by the plants which influences the growth, nutrition and yield of crops to a great extent.
So such interactions, in future; will be the key to significant progress toward maximum yields in research and maximum profit yields for farmers.
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