Clay minerals in soils can be identified using one or more of the following methods: 1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 2. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) 3. Transmission electron microscopy 4. Scanning electron microscopy 5. Infrared spectroscopy. Method # 1. X-Ray Diffraction: X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is one of the most commonly used methods to identify the minerals present in a soil, [...]
Following are the various methods available for the determination of water content of soil: 1. Oven-Drying Method 2. Sand Bath Method 3. Alcohol Method 4. Infrared Lamp Torsion Balance Method 5. Calcium Carbide Method 6. Pycnometer Method. 1. Oven-Drying Method: The oven-drying method is the standard method of the determination of water content in the laboratory. Principle: The principle of [...]
Relative density of cohesionless soils is defined as the ratio of the difference between the void ratio of a cohesion- less soil in the loosest state and in-situ void ratio to the difference between its void ratios in the loosest and the densest states. Thus relative density (Dr), also called density index (Id), is defined by – Dr = [(emax [...]