Clay minerals in soils can be identified using one or more of the following methods: 1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 2. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) 3. Transmission electron microscopy 4. Scanning electron microscopy 5. Infrared spectroscopy. Method # 1. X-Ray Diffraction: X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is one of the most commonly used methods to identify the minerals present in a soil, [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Principle of X-Ray Diffraction 2. Equipment of X-Ray Diffraction 3. Analysis 4. Methods 5. Advantages. Principle of X-Ray Diffraction: When a monochromatic X-ray beam with wavelength A is projected onto a crystalline material at an angle , diffraction is reinforced only along specific directions, as shown in Fig. 3.19 defined by Bragg's [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Principle of Scanning Electron Microscopy 2. SEM Equipment 3. Working Mechanism 4. Specimen Preparation 5. Image Treatment and Analysis 6. Advantages and Applications. Principle of Scanning Electron Microscopy: SEM equipment is similar to a television. The principle of SEM is to use a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of [...]